Critical minerals are minerals essential for economic development and national security, whose supply is vulnerable because of geographical concentration, limited domestic availability or geopolitical risks. India identified 30 critical minerals in 2023, based on economic importance and supply risk. …
About Born on 5 September 1888 at Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu. Philosopher, educator and statesman who played an important role in Indian academic and public life. His birth anniversary, 5 September, is observed as Teachers’ Day in India. The observance is …
According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood is “a flood created when water dammed by a glacier or moraine is suddenly released.”GLOFs are rapid-onset hazards that can release enormous quantities of water and sediment …
About Mangroves are salt-tolerant woody plants adapted to intertidal environments. They occur mainly along sheltered tropical and subtropical coasts, particularly in estuaries, deltas, tidal creeks, lagoons, backwaters and mudflats. They form an ecological link between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Mangrove …
Urban mining is the systematic recovery of valuable materials from discarded products, buildings, and infrastructure in cities, treating the human-made environment as a secondary resource base. It supports circular economy goals by reducing dependence on primary mining and managing urban …
About The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is the world’s oldest international institution dedicated to dispute resolution, established in 1899 under the Hague Convention. Despite its name, the PCA is not a conventional permanent court and does not have a …
Legal & Institutional Framework Notified under the Legal Metrology Act, 2009 by the Department of Consumer Affairs. Key institutions involved: CSIR-NPL, ISRO and legal metrology laboratories. Objective Establish Indian Standard Time (IST) as the common reference time for time-dependent systems …
The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) is a quasi-judicial appellate body established under the Companies Act, 2013 to hear appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and certain orders of other regulatory authorities. Established: Under the Companies Act, 2013 and became operational in 2016. Nature: Quasi-judicial appellate …
Flash floods are highly localised, short-duration floods in which the peak usually occurs within 6 hours of rainfall, as per IMD. India records 5,000+ deaths annually from flash floods, while recent events in the Himalayan region and Nepal highlight growing …