Iodine deficiency

• Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism and are crucial for fetal and infant development. 
• Found in foods and iodized salt, iodine exists in several forms, including sodium and potassium salts, inorganic iodine (I2), iodate, and iodide. 
• Iodide, the most common form, is quickly absorbed in the stomach and used by the thyroid for hormone production. Most excess iodide is excreted through urine. 
• Iodine deficiency arises when the body lacks sufficient iodine.

Adverse effects

• • Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development and is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability in the world. 
  • If a person’s iodine intake falls below approximately 10–20 mcg/day, hypothyroidism occurs, a condition that is frequently accompanied by goitre. Goitre is usually the earliest clinical sign of iodine deficiency.

• Goiter is swelling in the neck that occurs when the thyroid gland enlarges. 

• In pregnant women, iodine deficiency of this magnitude can cause major neurodevelopmental deficits and growth retardation in the fetus as well as miscarriage and stillbirth.

• In infants and children, iodine deficiency can also cause neurodevelopmental deficits.

Why in News?

• World Iodine Deficiency Day, also known as Global Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Day, is observed annually on 21st October. 
• The day aims to raise awareness about the essential role of iodine in maintaining good health and to emphasize the consequences of iodine deficiency.