Background

• In 2023, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced a regulatory framework for banks to accept green deposits from customers. 
• Under the new framework, banks that accept green deposits will have to disclose more information on how they invest these deposits.

What are green deposits?

• Green deposits are not very different from the regular deposits that banks accept from their customers. 
• The only major difference is that banks promise to earmark the money that they receive as green deposits towards environment-friendly projects. 
  • For example, a bank may promise that green deposits will be used towards financing renewable energy projects that fight climate change. A bank may also avoid using green deposits to invest in fossil fuel projects that are considered harmful to the climate. 
• A green deposit is just one product in a wide array of other financial products such as green bonds that help investors put money into environmentally sustainable projects. 

What does the RBI’s regulatory framework say?

• The RBI’s framework for the acceptance of green deposits lays down certain conditions that banks must fulfill to accept green deposits from customers. 
• Firstly, banks will have to come up with a set of rules or policies approved by their respective Boards that need to be followed while investing green deposits from customers. These rules need to be made public on the banks’ websites.
• A third-party will have to verify the claims made by banks regarding the projects in which the banks invest their green deposits as well as the sustainability credentials of these business projects.
• The RBI has come up with a list of sectors that can be classified as sustainable and thus eligible to receive green deposits. These include renewable energy, waste management, clean transportation, energy efficiency, and afforestation. Banks will be barred from investing green deposits in business projects involving fossil fuels, nuclear power, tobacco, etc. 
• The new rules are aimed at preventing greenwashing, which refers to making misleading claims about the positive environmental impact of an activity. 

Will green deposits help depositors/investors and the environment?

• Depositors who care about the environment may get some satisfaction from investing their money in environmentally sustainable investment products. However, there are challenges, for the range of projects in which green funds can be invested by the bank is limited by design. 
• When it comes to protecting the environment, green investing enthusiasts believe that putting money into green projects may be one of the best ways to help the environment. 
• Critics, however, argue that green investment products are often just a way to make investors feel good about themselves and that these investments don’t really do much good to the environment. 
• For one, they argue, investments are primarily driven by returns and not by care for the environment, and green investing claims are often attempts at greenwashing. 
• Second, in a complex world where any action involves second-order effects that are difficult to see, it can be extremely hard to know whether a project is really environmentally sustainable.

Why in News?

• More than 20 months after the green deposits framework has been issued by the RBI, lenders have made little to no progress in garnering green deposits.