Definition:

• Para diplomacy, also known as sub-state diplomacy, refers to the formal interactions and engagements between entities below the national level, such as regional or local governments, with foreign entities or governments, typically in pursuit of shared national goals or interests. 
• It involves subnational actors engaging in diplomatic activities that are usually the prerogative of national governments.

Significance of Para diplomacy:

• Diversification of Diplomatic Channels: Para diplomacy enables a more diverse range of actors to engage with foreign entities, leading to nuanced and context-specific approaches to international relations.
• Promotion of Regional Interests: Subnational governments can advocate for and promote their specific interests on the global stage, ensuring that local perspectives are considered in foreign policy decisions.
• Enhanced Economic Cooperation: Para diplomacy facilitates economic cooperation and trade partnerships with foreign regions or countries, leading to increased investment, trade, and economic growth at the regional level.
  • Events like Vibrant Gujarat, engaged in para diplomacy with UAE, attracting significant investments to the state and boosting its infrastructure and industries.
• Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Para diplomacy often involves cultural and educational exchanges between regions or cities across borders, fostering understanding between different cultures and enhancing soft power.
  • Tamil Nadu’s engagement with Sri Lanka has included efforts to address the rights of Tamils in Sri Lanka, influencing India’s foreign policy towards Sri Lanka and promoting cultural ties between the two regions.
• Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Subnational entities engaging in para diplomacy can contribute to conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts, especially in regions with historical or ongoing conflicts.

Conclusion:

India has seen varied issues due to cross-border ties among people and their separation due to border demarcation. This demands the construction of a consensus between the Centre and the State governments in the border provinces on developing a productive relationship with the neighbours.