CONTEXT  It is time to rethink the changing role and the mandate of the IITs in order to ensure that quality and focus continue.

INDIAN INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY (IITs)

• IITs, are the crown jewels of Indian higher education.
• They are world-renowned for the quality of their graduates and for their academic programmes in a range of fields in technology and engineering — and in the past decade, in research and innovation through research parks as well.
• They are among the few Indian higher education institutions that do reasonably well in the global rankings.

ISSUE ARISING 

• According to current plans, the IIT “system” has expanded beyond its capacity to maintain its high standards and is in danger of sinking into mediocrity.
• The recent decision of the University Grants Commission to permit select IITs under the ‘Institutions of Eminence’ category to set up campuses abroad could further weaken these already stretched institutions.
• It is time to rethink the changing role and mandate of IITs in order to ensure that quality and focus are maintained — and by prioritising the needs of India, but with a 21st century twist.

FROM 5 TO 23 IITs

• The original five IITs were established in the 1950s and early 1960s.Four had a foreign collaborator: IIT Bombay (the Soviet Union), IIT Madras (Germany), IIT Kanpur (the United States), and IIT Delhi (the United Kingdom).
• Currently, there are 23 IITs. After setting up IIT Delhi in 1961, it took another 34 years to establish the sixth IIT in Guwahati (1994).
• Since then, 17 more IITs have been established, including several that resulted from upgrading existing institutions.

WHERE THE PROBLEM BEGAN?

• Funded generously by the central government, the IITs focused exclusively on technology and engineering.
• They later added the humanities and social sciences — but these programmes were modest until the 2020 National Education Policy emphasised the IITs should focus more on “holistic and multidisciplinary education”.

Small Institutions with short of faculty 

• According to data available with the Council of Indian Institutes of Technology, the IITs are small institutions with average student enrolments in the five older IITs of around 10,000.
• Some of the newer ones remain quite small, with fewer than 400 students. The older IITs have faculties of around 1,000, while some of the new ones, such as those in Palakkad and Jammu, employ 100 or so. Further, most of the IITs suffer from a severe shortage of professors.
• For example, IIT Dhanbad is approved to hire 781 instructors but only 301 positions were filled as of January 2021.

WHAT IITs ARE NOT? 

• The IITs are not universities, they have neither the range of disciplines nor the size that characterise universities worldwide.
• They were started as undergraduate institutions; they gradually added small postgraduate programmes, but some are now adding significant post-graduate offerings.

WHAT IITs ARE?

• The IITs were, and are, self-consciously elite institutions aiming at the highest international academic standards — a tradition which, in our view, is important but increasingly difficult to maintain.
• Around 7,00,000 students sit for the national engineering entrance examination for the IITs and several other elite institutions each year and a vast majority of them target the 16,000-plus seats available in the 23 IITs.
• The IITs have traditionally attracted high quality faculty, where most have doctorates from the most respected western universities.
• Top quality professors have been attracted to the IITs because of the quality of the students, the chance to work with the best academic minds in India, and a commitment to India’s development.
• While salaries do not compare well on the international market, working and living conditions on the older IIT campuses are comfortable.

CHANGES  THAT LEAD TO PROBLEMS

• In recent years, however, things began to change. The IITs could not attract a sufficient number of young  faculty to fill vacancies resulting from retirements.
• The emerging IT and related industries in India offer much more attractive salaries and exciting work opportunities, and many are lured to universities and industry in other countries.
• At the same time, the government dramatically expanded the number of IITs, spreading them around the country.
• Most of the new IITs are located in smaller towns such as Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), Palakkad (Kerala), Dharwad (Karnataka), and others, making it difficult to attract the adequate staff.
• Facilities and infrastructure are unlikely to be “world class.” It is, thus, inevitable that quality will decline and the “IIT brand” diluted.
• Another area is the lack of correlation between the local needs and IITs. Most of the IITs and other prominent “Institutes of National Importance” are ‘academic enclaves’ with little connection with their regions.
• Only a few State governments are effectively utilising the presence of IITs in the local milieu through knowledge sharing networks involving universities, colleges and schools, and local industries and firms. Similarly, there are few community outreach programmes.
• Such an approach could prevent disruption, such as that occurring in Goa, where local groups are resisting locating a new IIT in their region.

WAY FORWARD

• While excellent engineering/STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) institutions are needed, they all do not have to be IITs. Instead 10-12 “real” IITs located near major cities are practical for India. 
• Some of the newly established institutes can be renamed and provided with sufficient resources to produce high quality graduates and good research.
• A more limited “IIT system” needs to be funded at “world class” levels and staffed by “world class” faculty, perhaps with some recruited from top universities internationally.

Reference:

1. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/too-many-iits-unrealistic-expectations/article33883323.ece